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Geological and Seismological Aspects of Kashmir Earthquake of October 8, 2005 and A Geotechnical Evaluation of Induced Failures of Natural and Cut Slopes

Aydan, Ömer, 2006.07.31. -- (東海大学紀要. 海洋学部. 4巻1号). w. <TC10000115>
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Geological and Seismological Aspects of Kashmir Earthquake of October 8, 2005 and A Geotechnical Evaluation of Induced Failures of Natural and Cut Slopes

Aydan, Ömer, 2006.07.31. -- (東海大学紀要. 海洋学部. 4巻1号). w. <TC10000115>
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4-1-25-44-2006.pdf

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タイトル Geological and Seismological Aspects of Kashmir Earthquake of October 8, 2005 and A Geotechnical Evaluation of Induced Failures of Natural and Cut Slopes
タイトル(その他) 2005年カシミール地震の地質および地震学的特徴と自然および人工斜面の崩壊に対する地盤工学的な評価
作成者 Aydan, Ömer
アイダン, オメル
公開者 東海大学海洋学部
公開者 The School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokai University
公開者 東海大学出版会
掲載巻号 東海大学紀要. 海洋学部. 4巻1号 <TB00000017>
ISSN 13487620
雑誌名 東海大学紀要. 海洋学部
巻次等 4
号 1
開始終了ページ 25-44
発行日 2006.07.31
主題 Kashmir
主題 earthquake
主題 Muzaffarabad
主題 thrust fault
主題 slope failure
内容記述 On October 8, 2005 at 8:50 (3:50UTC), a large devastating earthquake occurred in Kashmir region of Pakistan. The depth of the earthquake was estimated to be about 10km and it had the magnitude of 7.6. The earthquake resulted from the subduction of Indian plate beneath Eurasian plate, and the earthquake was due to thrust faulting. Although there was no surface fracture as a result of the faulting, extensive slope failures observed along the expected surface expression of the causative fault. The main faults in the epicentral area are Muzaffarabad-Tanda fault and Panjal fault. Both of these faults are thrust fault. While Muzaffarabad-Tanda fault dips NE, the Panjal fault dips SW. The Oct.8, 2005 earthquake occurred in a place, which may be regarded as a seismic gap. The computational results for crustal straining using GPS measurements indicated that Indian plate in Pakistan undergoing much higher straining as compared with that of India. The maximum ground acceleration for Balakot was inferred to be greater than 0.9g from overturned vehicles in the direction parallel to the axis of the valley. This probably represents the largest ground acceleration in the epicentral area. Balakot is situated on the hanging-wall side of the causative fault. In addition, some further analysis of overturned or displaced structures showed that maximum ground velocity could be more than 280kine, which is probably the highest value so far.
内容記述 One of the most distinct characteristics of 2005 Kashmir earthquake is the widespread slope failures all over the epicentral area. The Kashmir earthquake of October 8, 2005 particularly caused extensive damage to housing and structures founded on sloping soil deposits. Extensive natural and cut slope failures occurred along Neelum, Jhelum and Kunhar valleys, which obstructed both river flow and roadways. Furthermore, many slope failures associated with highly sheared and weathered dolomitic limestone occurred along the presumed surface trace of the earthquake fault. The failures nearby Muzaffarabad were spectacular in both scale and their areal distributions. Slope failures caused Kashmir earthquake of October 8,2005 may be classified into three categories, namely, 1)Soil slope failures, 2)Weathered and/or sheared rock slope failures, and 3)Rock slope failures. Soil slopes failures occurred in either plane sliding mode or circular sliding. Planar sliding modes are generally observed on soil slopes over the bedrock. Deep-seated circular type soil slope failures observed when the soil thickness was large. Some peculiar soil slope failures were observed in both Balakot and Muzaffarabad. These slope failures occurred in conglomeratic soil deposits with rounded large cobbles, which are products of the past glaciation's period. Since the slope angles were quite steep (60-80°), these slopes failed on surfaces involving partly vertical tensile cracks and curved shear plane. The epicentral area is a mountainous terrain and it is highly susceptible to slope failures and rock falls,which may be very catastrophic sometimes. Furthermore, the slopes are very steep and covered with fallen debris. With due considerations of topography and possibility of slope failures, several alternative routes involving construction of viaducts, tunnels and bridges would be desirable for the area in case of blockage of roadways by rock falls or slope failures.
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